Wednesday, November 27, 2019
The Relationship of Brand Equity and Brand Extension Essays
The Relationship of Brand Equity and Brand Extension Essays The Relationship of Brand Equity and Brand Extension Essay The Relationship of Brand Equity and Brand Extension Essay Title The Relationship of Brand Equity and Brand Extension: Low Involvement products vs. High Involvement Products Background and Significance In the present, technology enhances modern goods production resulting producers can provide resemble products in physical aspects such as quality or packaging. These create no differentiate of products. Consequently, Product Brand as well as the customer’s perception is the significance that promotes product differentiates or product advantages. Marketing professionals and organizations focus with Brand and try to position their Brands into customer’s mind. That establishes the Brand Equity (Keller, 1998). â€Å" Brand equity is a set of assets (and liabilities) linked to a brand’s name and symbol that adds to (or subtracts from) the value provided by a product or service to a firm and/or that firm’s customers†(Aaker, 1996). Marketing Science Institute conducted the survey in fifty famous companies in the United States. As the survey, the main topic that was interesting to research is the Brand Equity. That means all successful organizations pay attention with the Brand Equity and prefer to support the budget for the well management of the existing Brand Equity. These organizations also realize that their brand equity eliminate the chance of using the price strategy. The price strategy may decrease the existing value of the brand equity. As the well management of brand equity, organizations attempt to gain the great marketing communication for creating their product differentiates. Additionally, the other researched topic in their interest is the estimation of Brand Equity (Keller, 1998). Brand Equity is the significant issue in the consideration of all organizations because it creates the brand loyalty that motivates product perception, increases the repeated buying behavior and elevates sales of other products from the same brand including prohibits any mind changing to competitor’s brands. In the crisis economy, consumers normally choose products from the strongest brand for avoiding wrong decision making. The strong brand also generates the brand equity in consumer’s perception leading to the capability of higher price setting for instance, the preserved fruit can from â€Å"Malee†can set its price 20% higher than others but Male earns more market share than UFC preserved fruit cans. Male is the top of the preserved fruit cans in the current market because the Male brand gains the great consumer’s perception resulting to the willingness of consumer to pay more for the well-known brand even if the product itself has slight differentiate from others. The strong brand can provide large income to any organization. Besides the significance of brand equity, the strong brand can converse to be currency value. The value of this strong brand is estimated more than the real asset value in the company’s balance sheet. For instance, Interbrand and Citigroup in the USA arranged the companies value stated that Coca-Cola earned the highest market brand value as 80 billion dollars in 1999 (see in table 1. 1 below). Table 1. 1       Top Ten Brand Value in the World |No. Brand |Market Brand Value | | | |(Billion Dollars) | |1 |Coca-Cola |83. 8 | |2. |Microsoft |56. 7 | |3. |IBM |43. 8 | |4. GE |33. 5 | |5. |Ford |32. 2 | |6. |Disney |32. 3 | |7 |Intel |30. 0 | |8. |McDonald’s |26. 2 | |9. |ATT |24. | |10. |Marlboro |21. 0 | Source: Narong Jiwangkul (1998), Brand is really about the customer relationship. BrandAge Magazine, Dec 7: p. 69-70. The strong brand offers the benefits in the Brand Extension that le ad the companies spend fewer budgets than creating a new product brand, for instance Unilever employed the brand extension strategy from its existing successful brand. Lux SuperRich Shampoo of Unilever extended from Lux Soap. In addition, new products as well as Sunsilk Extra Mild Shampoo with Almond Milk for all hair types or Sunsilk Hair Oil Treatment for root treatment and Sunsilk Blackshine Shampoo for black hair extended from the Parent Sunsilk Brand that is the strong brand in the shampoo market. These advance the big advantage over the competitors in the budgeting of brand awareness. As the well-known product brand, the opportunity of success is higher because customers experienced in the product quality (Unilever-PG, High Competition from Skin to Hair, 1998). In the electronic market, the brand extension can see in Sony electronic products. Sony brand is strong in the electronic market with the strengths of the specific categories as audio and picture. Sony extended to cover the Digital Camera market that gained customer’s favors since a last few years. But Sony earned the same successful level of other existing strong brands in digital camera market such as Fuji, Kodak and Canon (Digital Camera War, 1998). As the strong brand of Sony and its continuing image creation in modern and endless technology development, brand extension of Sony is successful in digital camera market with no doubt. The success of brand extension depends on the Consumer Evaluation of Brand Extension. That consists of many components such as Brand Attribute Association, Attitude toward the Original Brand, Fit between the Original and Extension Product Class comprising with Complement Fit, Substitute Fit and Transfer from the parent brand including Perceived Difficulty of Making the Extension (Keller, 1993). Customers may evaluate between the existing parent brand and the brand extension, then leading to their buying decision. As the significance and benefits of brand equity in consumer’s mind mentioned above, the researcher is interested in the study of the different levels of involvement in products and their relationship with brand equity that may influence the components of the Consumer Evaluation of Brand Extension. Research Objectives 1. To study the levels of brand equity in customer’s mind of the researched product. 2. To research the differences of brand equity in customer’s mind between products with the different level of involvement. In order to find suitable approach to build, manage and maintain brand equity among each different product categories. . To study the relationship between brand equity in customer’s mind and the components of the consumer evaluation for the brand extension. Research Problems 1. How does the Brand Equity in customer’s mind do in this research? 2. How do the different involvement relate to the different levels of the brand equity in customer’s mind? 3. How brand equity in customer’s mind relates to customer evaluation of brand extension? Scope of the Study The sample group in this research consists of males and females with the age between 18-45 who lived in Bangkok. Selected brands in this research are well known brands as the first one, yogurt extended brand to the pasteurized milk that represented the low involvement product. For this low involvement product, the researcher used a substitute product in this research. Other brand as initial vehicle product extended to all-purpose vehicles that represent the high involvement product. Definitions Customer-based Brand Equity refers to customers gain brand knowledge that consists of 1) Brand Awareness as recognition and recall, and 2) Brand Image as strength, favorability, and uniqueness. Involvement refers to the levels of product involvement between consumers and products depending on types of product, interest, attitude, price and so fort. The involvement can be categorized into two types as the followings: 1. High involvement product, in this research, the computer notebook that offered an extending brand to the Computer PC. 2. Low involvement product, in this research, the Air Condition that expanded to an extending brand as the fan. Brand Extension refers to any organization takes advantages of the well-known brand for launching new products to the market. The new products will be called as an Extending Brand and the existing brand is called a Parent Brand. Consumer Evaluation of Brand Extension refers to the process and elements of the consumer evaluation of the brand extension. It consists of: 1) Brand Attribute Association, 2) Attitude toward the Original Brand, 3) Fit between the Original and Extension Product Class comprising with Complement Fit, Substitute and Transfer of the Parent Brand, and 4) Perceived Difficulty of Making the Extension. Expected Benefits 1. The professional marketers may consider the components of the Brand Equity in their decision making for evaluating or improving the Brand Equity for their organizations. 2. The marketers or anyone who’s interested in may take the research result as the basic information of consumer behavior for the evaluation of the brand extension focusing with the cost effectiveness and the opportunity of success. 3. The research result may be the basic information for all professional marketers in long-term product strategy by considering the components in the consumer evaluation of the brand extension. That may be helpful for product strategy in the brand extension for the further success. 4. This research will be beneficial for learners and others for research conduction and well understood of Brand Name and the involvement between Brand and the influenced factors of consumer’s decision making. This research result can claim as the fundamental information for conducting the related research about Brand and the Customer Evaluation of Brand Extension. Literature Review This research aims to research about the consumer evaluation of the brand equity and study the involvement of the brand extension. The researcher studied related researches, theories, concepts and literatures focusing with the followings: 1. Concept of Consumer-based Brand Equity  ·Ã‚      Definition of Consumer-based Brand Equity  ·Ã‚      Consumer-based Brand Equity Measurement  ·Ã‚      Managing Brand Equity 2. Concept of Brand Extension  ·Ã‚      Advantages of Brand Extension  ·Ã‚      Disadvantages of Brand Extension 3. Concept of Consumer Evaluation of Brand Extension 4. Concept of Consumer Behavior and Consumer Decision Process  ·Ã‚      Consumer decision process Research Hypothesis As the theories, concepts and related literatures mentioned above, the researcher established the specific hypotheses for this research about the involvement between Consumer-based Brand Equity and the Consumer Evaluation of Brand Extension as the followings: 1. Brand differentiation is in consumer’s mind. The Brand Knowledge consists of a) Brand Awareness as brand recall and recognition, and b) Brand Image as strength, favorability and uniqueness. The high brand knowledge will stimulate high Brand Equity. The low brand knowledge will lead to the low Brand Equity. These show in both low and high involvement products. . As the levels of Consumer-based Brand Equity, the high involvement product may gain higher consumer-based brand equity than the low involvement product with the low consumer-based brand equity. 3. Consumer-based Brand Equity of any parent product has positive correlation with the Consumer Evaluation of Brand Extension. Details are as the followings: 1) Brand Att ribute Association, 2) Attitude toward the Original Brand, 3) Fit between the Original and Extension Product Class comprising with complement fit, substitute and transfer of the Parent Brand, and 4) Perceived Difficulty of Making the Extension. The Consumer-based Brand Equity and the Consumer Evaluation of Brand Extension vary in the similar direction. In both high and low involvement products, higher brand equity, higher consumer evaluation of brand extension or lower brand equity, lower consumer evaluation of brand extension. Research Methodology This research is the quantitative research with survey research method and specific questionnaire. The researcher established the research method involving with population, sample group, research tool, information collection, and statistical analysis as the details below: Population Population group of this research is consumers in Bangkok with the age between 18-45. Television and an extended brand as camera is the selected product in this research. Sample Group As the determination of sample group in this research, the researcher takes the principle of total variance between sample group and variances of random sampling of Taro Yamane (1976: 886-887). The population size is 2,657,186. The reliability is 95%. The standard deviation is 5%.               =           N                 (1+Ne2)            When  n         =         The sampling size                        N        =         The population size                        e         =         Sampling variables            As these numbers mentioned above, the calculation becomes as: ‘n’            =     2,657,186 (1+2,657,186 (0. 05)2) =         399. 93 Hence, the sample size is equal to 400. Sampling Method The researcher takes both non-probability sampling and probability sampling in this research. Fifty districts in Bangkok (Office of Urban Design, Bangkok, 1998) are as Pranakorn, Dusit, Nongjok, Bangruk, Bangken, Bangkapi, Pathumwan, Pomprab-sattrupai, Prakanong, Minburee, Ladkrabang, Yannawa, Sumpanthawong, Payathai, Thonburi, BangkokYai, Hoykwang, Nongkham, Rajburana, Bangplad, Dindeang, Beungkum, Sathorn, Bangsue, Jatujak, Bangkorlaem, Pravej, Klongteoy, Suanloung, Jomthong, Donmuang, Rajchathevi, Ladprao, Wattana, Bangkae, Luksee, Saimai, Kannayaow, Sapansung, Wangthonglang, Klongsamwa, Bangna, Thaveewattana, Thungkrue and Bangbon. The researcher conducts the purposive sampling with the selected districts that gained abundant commercial and residential areas. These districts are separated by The Urban Design Act in 1975 (Office of Urban Design, Bangkok, 1998). The selected districts enhance the research approach and convenience of information collection. The abundant commercial and residential areas are 36 areas as: (see in the chart 3. 1) 1. Dusit, 2. Bangruk, 3. Bangken, 4. Bangkapi, 5. Prathumwan, 6. Pomprab-sattrupai, 7. Prakanong, 8. Yannawa, 9. Sampanthawong, 10. Payathai, 11. Thonburi, 12. BangkokYai, 13. Hoykwang, 14. Klongsan, 15. BangkokNoy, 16. Pasrijareon, 17. Rajchaburana, 18. Bangplad, 19. Dindeang, 20. Buongkum, 21. Sathorn, 22. Bangsue, 23. Jatujak, 24. Bangkorlam, 25. Pravej, 26. KlongTeoy, 27. Suanluong, 28. Jomthong, 29. Donmuang, 30. Rajchathevi, 31. Ladprao, 32. Wattana, 33. Bangkae, 34. Luksee, 35. Wangthonglang, and 36. Bangna. Then, researcher takes the probability sampling in the simple random sampling by the sampling selection of non-mimic sample. This method scales down the sample size to be 7 districts as 20% of commercial and residential areas as the followings: 1. Bangsue, 2. Thonburi, 3. Prathumwan, 4. Dusit, 5. Bangkapi, 6. Klongteoy, and 7. Bangplad. The researcher gathers information with the convenience sampling in each district until complete total 400 population. Type of Product in the Research This research emphasizes to study in Consumer-based Brand Equity and Consumer Evaluation of Brand Extension. The selected products in this research aree products that offer the brand extensions in horizontal and category. This research considers in products that have the differences in the market share. They will address the clear identification of the involvement between Consumer-based Brand Equity and Elements of Brand Extension. Details are as the followings: The low involvement product as Yogurt-sour milk earns the extending brand as pasteurized milk. Based on the marketing information in 1998, the market value of pasteurized milk was 18,000 million baht. Meji was the top brand with 52% market share. Foremost earned 17%. Dutch Milk shared market as 17% and Nongpoe Milk was 2%. Chokchai Milk was 5%. Calcemax earned 2% and others gained 5% (Krungthep Business, 1998). The selected yogurt in this research is Yakool and Betagent that presented the large differences of market share. As the high involvement product, the researcher selects, with the consideration of product market share, the vehicle products that provide the extending brand to the all-purpose vehicle. In 1998, Toyota gained the largest market share as 36%. Honda earned 30%. Nissan hold 14%. Mitsubishi had 6%. Mazda kept 2% and others earned 12% (Thansetthakit, 1998). Consequently, the selected brands in this research are Toyota and Mazda because they had huge differences in their market share. Research Tool Research tool is the specific questionnaire that was designed and developed for this research. It contains 5 sections with different questions and purposes as the followings: Section I        Population characteristic involves with age, gender, marital status, education level, occupation and individual monthly income. Section II       Consumer-based Brand Equity of Yogurt is examined by questions in this section. Section III     Consumer Evaluation of Brand Extension is determined as consumer attitude in brand extension of the product, pasteurized milk. Section VI     Consumer-based Brand Equity of vehicle products is evaluated in this section. Section V       Consumer Evaluation of Brand Extension involves with consumer attitude in brand extension of all-purpose vehicle. A measuring tool for consumer-based brand equity is modified from Keller’s research (Keller, 1993). The other measuring tool for brand extension is developed from the research of Aaker and Keller (1990). These tools are qualified with the validity and reliability test. In addition, this questionnaire is determined the content validity by professional opinion. And then, this questionnaire is launched to do the pre-test with 20 people who had similar characteristics of the sampling group. The coming results assist to develop the final questionnaire that had been used in the real information gathering. Variances Individual product was suitable for variance measurement and scoring as the followings: 1. Consumer-based Brand Equity     This research followed the Keller’s concept in Consumer-based Brand Equity as Brand Knowledge. Brand Knowledge contained with Brand Awareness as brand recall and recognition, and Brand Image as strength, favorability and uniqueness. 2. The elements of Consumer Evaluation of Brand Extension         This research obtained the elements of Consumer Evaluation of Brand Extension from Aaker and Keller (1990). It consisted of Brand Attitude Associations, Attitude toward the Original Brand, Perceived Difficulty of Making the Extension and the element of Aaker and Keller (1992) in the perceived fit of the proposed extension with the company. Scoring Measurement of Brand Equity 1. Questions for the brand awareness were measured brand recall and recognition (Nantana Boripanthananun, 1997). 1. 1           What brands do you know?  ·Ã‚          The first brand in consumer recognition      3 points  ·Ã‚          The second brand in consumer recognition 2 points  ·Ã‚          The third brand in consumer recognition     1 point 1. 2  Do you know this â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Brand?  ·Ã‚      Yes, I do. 1 point  ·Ã‚      No, I don’t. 0 point 2. Questions for measuring the brand image involved with 3 aspects as strength, favorability and uniqueness. Keller (1993) expressed that many measurement tools indicated with the highest to lowest levels of consumer’s opinion were fit for measuring the brand image. Hence, researcher decided to take the measuring tool as the rating scale with 5 levels for both high and low involvement products as the followings: Absolutely agree                                                  Absolutely disagree   5                           4                     3                     2                     1 The best The worst 5                           4                     3                     2                     1 Outstanding                                                                     same as others 5                           4                     3                     2                     1  The pre-test generated the questions about product attribute in the final questionnaire that was used until complete process of information collection. Measurement of the Elements in Consumer Evaluation of Brand Extension 1. Brand Attribute Association contained the open-ended questions involving with brand recognition of consumer. As the Attribute toward the Original Brand, Aaker and Keller (1990) took the rating scale with 7 levels but the researcher modified and developed the new rating scale with 5 levels in both high and low involvement products as the followings: The best                                                                           The worst 5                           4                     3                     2                     1 . Attitude toward Brand Extension was determined by the 5-level rating scale in both high and low involvement products as the followings: The best                                                                            The worst 5                           4                     3                     2                     1 Surely buy it                                                                     Will never buy it 5                           4                     3                     2                     1 . Perceived Difficulty of Making the Extension was evaluated by 5-level rating scale in both high and low involvement products as: Absolutely agree                                                  Absolutely disagree   5Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â à ‚             4                     3                     2                     1 Need special knowledge                          No need special knowledge 5                           4                     3                     2                     1 4. Perceived Fit of the Proposed Extension with the Company also took the 5-level rating scale for measuring in both high and low involvement products as: Very fit                                                                            Not fit at all 5                           4                     3                     2                     1 High involvement                                                            Not involved at all between company and product 5                           4                     3                     2                     1 Research Analysis and Results As the complete information collection, researcher provides coding and computed the results by the computer and the software SPSS for WINDOWS. The research analysis obtains the descriptive statistics for clear identification of sample group’s characteristics, the percentage (%) for notable explanation of information, the inferential statistics, the Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient and the statistical T-Test for evaluating the correlation of each pair of variances depending on the hypothesis. References Aaker D. A. (1996). Building Strong Brands, The Free Press, New York Crainer, Stuart The real power of brands : making brands work for competitive Imprint London : FT Pitman, 1995 Descript 214 p. : ill. ; 25 cm Note The Financial Times/Pitman Publishing SeriesJacket Subject Brand name products Product management. Dhiti Butratana. (1998). THE MEASUREMENT OF BRAND EQUITY IN BEER CATEGORY. Chulalongkorn University. Bangkok (Thailand). Graduate School. Major Master. Arts (Advertising). Karat Latawan. (2000). CONSUMER-BASED BRAND EQUITY AND CONSUMER EVALUATION OF BRAND EXTENSION. Chulalongkorn University. Bangkok (Thailand). Graduate School. Major Master. Arts (Advertising). Keller, K. L. (1993) Conceptualizing, Measuring and Managing Customer-Based Brand Equity. Journal of Marketing 57, pp. 1–22. Narong Jiwangkul (1998), Brand is really about the customer relationship. BrandAge Magazine, Dec 7: p. 69-70. Piyawan Phumpho. (2000). BRAND LOYALTY, BRAND EXTENSION AND CONSUMER EVALUATION OF FACTORS AFFECTING BRAND EXTENSION. Chulalongkorn University. Bangkok (Thailand). Graduate School. Major Master. Arts (Advertising). Varrinya Leelayuvat. (2000). MEASURING BRAND EQUITY FROM BRAND- CONSUMER RELATIONSHIP. Chulalongkorn University. Bangkok (Thailand). Graduate School. Major Master. Arts (Advertising)Tauber, EM, 1981. Brand franchise extensions: new products benefit from existing brand names. Bus Horiz 24 2, pp. 36–40
Saturday, November 23, 2019
And now for a number of points - Emphasis
And now for a number of points And now for a number of points If you watched the recent Horizon programme on BBC Two 31 March at 9pm to be precise you cant have failed to have been moved by the power of maths and how we are literally surrounded by myriad aspects of it in our daily lives. Professor Marcus du Santoy, an Oxford mathematician led Alan Davies, comedian, through a series of interesting exercises to help him conceptualise how we assess probability, angles, and one, two, three and four spatial dimensions. Professor du Santoys enthusiasm for his subject was infectious. Maths is fundamental. We use it constantly whether we are aware of it or not. It helps us make good, rational decisions. And yet, how many of us are confident about expressing numbers in print? At first sight this may look amazingly straightforward but recent courses have revealed that lots of delegates are unsure when to use figures or words to express numbers. And many fudge a perfectly good point by using a number of rather than the exact amount. Why not see which of the following you think are correct and why? Then send us in your answers. 1. The Bank of Englands interest rate is now half of one percent. 2. Rates remain exceptionally low after 6 cuts since October last year. 3. The government looks set to inject around 30 billion into the economy through quantitative easing. 4. The government looks set to inject around 30 bn into the economy through quantitative easing. 5. Three sheep stood up to their necks in 3 feet of water. 6. 1,000 curses on your head. 7. His office is on the 1st floor. 8. Lets meet on Friday the 10th of May.
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Procter&gamble company Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words
Procter&gamble company - Term Paper Example These units include Global Beauty, Global Baby, feminine and Family Care, Global Fabric and Home Care, and Global Health and Grooming. All these units focus on common consumer benefits, common technologies and face common competitors. The company has invested $9.7 billion in 2013 and is consistently one of the world’s top advertisers. Sports sponsorship is very popular with P&G while they also engage in social responsibility in various ways. One of the ways that P&G tries to bring the comforts of home to families impacted by natural disasters is by responding to disasters all over the world through product and cash donations. On October 30, 2013, P&G news release states that the company has expanded its partnership with American Red Cross by joining the Disaster Responder Program to support Red Cross Disaster response work worldwide. This represents a milestone in P&G’s commitment to bring relief to the disaster-stricken. In the past decade P&G has created programs like Tide Loads of Hope and Duracell Power aimed at bringing clean clothes, batteries and power to families recovering from disasters. They know some of their products can bring immediate relief and hence P&G employees pack kits containing P&G brands such as Secret, Gillette, Crest, Ivory and Lams, which are then distributed after the disaster through mobile relief units. Their partnership with American Red Cross ensures the victims receive immediate care in critical moments after the disaster. Brands such as Pampers, Crest and Tide help in rebuilding their lives with the dignity that comes with clean clothes. P&G has worked in partnership with American Red Cross for disasters like Oklahoma Tornadoes, Hurricane Isaac and Superstorm Sandy. P&G engages in corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities in other ways. On October 10, 2013, P&G announced that some of its brands such as Duracell, Tide and Secret had underwritten all their production costs for the Nyad Swim for Relief. To sup port Hurricane Sandy recovery efforts, long-distance swim legend, Diana Nyad organized 48-hour â€Å"Swim for Relief†in New York City’s Herald Square. The funds would be donated to AmeriCares, a non-profit global health and disaster relief organization that delivers medicines, medical supplies and medical aid to people in need across the world, including the United States. Established in 1982, AmeriCares has distributed humanitarian aid worth more than $11 billion across 164 countries. Hurricane Sandy had destroyed nearly 125,000 homes in New Jersey alone and caused an approximate damage of $70 billion across the eastern seaboard. Yet another way that P&G demonstrates its responsibility towards the society is by extending educational scholarships to students committed to improving oral health of the Hispanic community. On September 26, 2013, P&G Hispanic Dental Association Foundation (HDAF) announced recipients of their annual scholarship program. These scholarships w ere awarded to 16 entry-level US Hispanic students that have been accepted into any accredited dental program. The awardees were based on their scholastic achievement, community service, leadership skills and commitment to improve health in the Hispanic community. Apart from providing scholarships to the next generation Hispanic Dental students, P&G and HDAF have also taken up the responsibility to correct misperceptions the US
Tuesday, November 19, 2019
Capital Gains Tax Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Capital Gains Tax - Research Paper Example (Market Value $ 40,000 Less Asset Cost $ 50,000 = Capital loss $ 10,000). However being a depreciable asset this amount can not be set off against the capital gains from the other assets. Under the uniform capital allowances system that applies from 1 July 2001, any gain or loss from a depreciating asset is included in your assessable income, or deductible as a balancing adjustment, to the extent the asset was used for a taxable purpose (for example, to produce assessable income). The small business CGT concessions do not apply to gains you make on depreciating assets that are included in your income under the uniform capital allowances system. The Capital Gains resulting from Goodwill is subject to the Capital Gains Tax. In the instant case there is a capital gain of $ 15,000 (Market Value $ 90,000 Minus Cost $ 75,000) which will be included in the taxable capital gains. The capital gains resulting from land and buildings is also to be included in the capital gains tax calculations. The transaction would result in a capital gain of $ 50,000 (Market Value $ 200,000 minus cost $ 150,000) that will be attracting the capital gains tax. When the net assets value under the Maximum ... When the net assets value under the Maximum Net Asset Value Test the value of the net assets does not exceed $ 6 million. Net assets for this purpose does not include shares, units or other interests, non-business assets, personal assets including the home. The Net asset value is calculated as the market value of the assets minus liabilities relating to those assets. When the turnover of the business doesn't exceed $ 2 million When the CGT event giving rise to the capital gain happened after 11.45am on 21 September 1999, and When the assets involved are owned the asset involved for at least 12 months. Under the Active Asset Test if the business is still existing and the assets are owned for less than 15 years the asset must be an active asset just before the CGT event and for at least half of the period of ownership. For an asset to be termed as 'active asset' it must be and is used or held ready for use by a small business CGT affiliate, or an entity connected with the small business, in the course of carrying on a business, or an intangible asset inherently connected with a business being carried on by the entity (for example, goodwill) "The CGT discount isn't limited to capital gains from business assets. The discount allows individuals (including partners in partnerships) and trusts to reduce their capital gain by 50%"1 Small business CGT concessions "The following four CGT concessions are available only for small business. 1 The small business 15-year exemption provides a total exemption for a capital gain on a CGT asset if you have continuously owned the asset for at least 15 years and the relevant individual is 55 or over and retiring, or is permanently incapacitated. 2 The small business 50%
Sunday, November 17, 2019
Portraying the Carpe diem Theme through Poetry Essay Example for Free
Portraying the Carpe diem Theme through Poetry Essay The two poems, Robert Herrick’s To The Virgins, To Make Much of Time and Andrew Marvell’s To His Coy Mistress, both employ the â€Å"carpe diem†(seize the day) theme. Using both stock and original imageries, they effectively send the message across the reader that Time runs and keeps running so that one should enjoy the pleasures of love and romance while in one’s youth. However, the manners in which the two poets express this theme differ from each other. The tone, metaphors and other poetic devices present in the two poems convey varied effects to the mind of the readers as to how the carpe diem theme should be considered. Herrick’s poem is the simpler and more urgent of the two. Throughout the 16 lines comprising the piece, Herrick consistently paints through his metaphors the image of impending death and loss thus creating the sense of urgency in favor of his cause, which is for the virgins, to whom he is addressing the poem, to get married while they are young. The images of â€Å"Old Time†¦a-flying (line 2) followed by a â€Å"flower (that) smiles today/ Tomorrow will be dying (lines 3-4)†both allude to the temporariness of beauty and youth. In contrast, To His Coy Mistress is a more complex way of expounding the theme. While Marvell also exhorts the woman, by whom the poem is being addressed to, to hurry and seize the available opportunities while she is still young, there is a tone of hopefulness and optimism accompanying the sense of urgency. The poet begins by presenting hyperboles as to how he would like his love to beâ€â€growing through time, from â€Å"ten years before the Flood†¦Till the conversion of the Jews (lines 8 and 10). He would like to leisurely enjoy the romantic experience, spending â€Å"An hundred years†¦to praise/ Thine eyes†¦Two hundred to adore each breast,/ But thirty thousand to the rest (lines 13-16). †He states that the reason for this is that his lover â€Å"deserve this state/ Nor would I love at lower rate (lines 19-20). †Only in the second stanza does Marvell present the carpe diem case by presenting a similar personification of Time present in Herrick’s poem. In Marvell’s Time rides a â€Å"winged chariot hurrying near (line 22). †He follows this with frightening imageries of death such as how, if the woman keeps resisting, in the end â€Å"worms shall try/ That long preserved virginity (lines 27-28). †This sudden shift from beautiful romantic metaphors in the first stanza to the images of death in the second stanza actually makes the theme more effective and urgent to the reader. The shock element of death makes the young reader consider the theme and really hurry to enjoy love’s pleasures while it is too late. Finally, while Herrick’s poem suggests that life and love is only worth it â€Å"when youth and blood are warmer/ But being spent, the worse (lines 10-11)†, suggesting that everything is downhill after youth, Marvell thinks that love is a consolation for humans against the ravages of Time. The final lines, â€Å"Though we cannot make our sun/ Stand still, yet we will make him run (lines 45-46)†, suggest that although death is inevitable, loving is a way by which we can forget thinking about old age and death. Carpe diem poems all seek to send the same message to the reader: to grab the opportunities present in youth for once these are gone, they can never be reclaimed nor repeated. Herrick and Marvell both wrote poems to illustrate this point using varied metaphors like the personification of Time rushing by, the rising and dying of the Sun and other temporal objects like flowers and birds. Herrick’s poem is the classic carpe diem poem, urging the reader to enjoy youth and make much of it because everything is temporary, while Marvell incorporates an additional point about how seizing love during one’s youth is a way to distract one from thinking about how temporary youth is in one’s life.
Thursday, November 14, 2019
Wildlife Management Plan :: management of grassland birds
COVER The vegetation on this property is classified into 7 cover types (Fig. 3 and Appendix B). The property is largely dominated by agricultural land. Approximately 350 ac (141 ha) out of the 410 ac (165 ha) are cultivated for crop production. The dominant four crop types are soybeans, alfalfa, corn, and oats. The overstory consists of white oak (Quercus alba), black walnut (Jugalns nigra), and American elm (Ulmus americana). The shrub layer is sparsely located around the property and contains a lot of blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis), raspberry (Rubus idaeus), serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.), American halzelnut (Corylus americana), and staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina). The understory vegetation, located in the wooded areas on the property consists of bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum), common plaintain (Plantago major), mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum), Pennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica), grasses (Poa spp.), Mosses (Sphagnum spp.), dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), common mullein (V erbacum thaspus). A complete list of plant species can be found in Appendix B. STATUS OF WILDLIFE POPULATIONS: Inventory techniques used to identify wildlife consisted of direct observations, input from the landowner, and signs from the different wildlife species. Common bird species present on the management area were American robin (Turdus americanus), American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos), European starling (Sturnus vulgaris), barn swallow (Hirundo rustica), red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), sandhill crane (Grus canadensis), blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata), white-breasted nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis), bald eagle (Hallaeetus leucocephalus), turkey vulture (Cathartes aura), and red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis). Direct observations and input from the landowner identified these commonly found mammalian species: eastern chipmunk, (Tamias striatus), eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), coyote (Canis latrans), raccoon (Procyon lotor), red fox Vulpes vulpes), red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus f loridanus), and Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginianus). Within our management property western meadowlarks and badgers are not as commonly found as white-tail deer. Grassland bird species are limited to small parcels of the property due to a lack of necessary habitat. Badgers have been seen on an infrequent basis within the management site. White-tail deer are seen at low densities and have the potential be more abundant with the right management plans. See Appendix C for a complete listing of wildlife species. REQUIREMENTS OF TARGET SPECIES: The first objective of our wildlife plan is to increase the density of the American badger population on the management site. American badgers are commonly found in open treeless habitats and grasslands (Scobie 2002).
Tuesday, November 12, 2019
Growing Years Essay
People come and people go, moments are gone through and experiences are created. What only remains are memories ,and for that reason these growing years are considered to be golden. Growing up is the most important aspect of an individual’s life as it determines on their state of mind and how they look at life when they are old enough. Some go through a hard time whereas some may just cruise through a good life. Life is definitely a long journey but how we go about it is up to us, we see a lot of what life has to offer us at the time of childhood and teenage years. A lot of attractions and distractions, basically the good things and the bad and how these influence us. I have gone through different situations in my life, have had to make pretty tough choices ,but one of the best things I’ve learnt from these growing years is that your life is never at a stand still even when you think it is. The modern world has loads to offer teenagers like me. But at the same time I would like to include myself to agree on the fact that growing up as a person from within isn’t an easy task. I’ve found myself in different instances at a stage where I don’t seem to be agreeing with my parents. Well obviously my mind is developing and I have opinions of my own. This did lead into quarrels at times, its not that I may necessarily be wrong but I don’t think anyone’s parents would like their child to not agree with them on any aspect. The solution that I found to this problem was to be more understanding to thoughts and opinions that people shared with me. I could consider myself lucky to go on that path because I’ve come across quite a few people who have thought in another sense and are perhaps now leading messed up lives at home and away. But then again that’s all part of growing up, it could be scary at times but life has much more to offer than just a scare. My growing up like anyone else’s has its own ups and downs, but lucky for me I’ve learnt from my older brother’s experiences and have been cautious into not making the same mistakes as he has made. We come across many friends in this period of life, many come, couple of them remain in our present time but only some or none remain as you move on all the way. Yes when we’re young we’re all joyful and think that nothing can ever affect our friendship and lifestyle. But what we forget is that those who are surrounding us are growing up too, and they begin to think differently and that’s what fade’s them away from us. No doubt that I’ve learnt quite a lot from my friends but one regret would be there that some of them aren’t present in the bonds of friendship around me. Due to all the distractions that growing up has had on me, I’ve had a conflict with education and living reality itself. I guess I was just taking it too easy and was playing around with the responsibilities that were put upon me. Each year that you grow certain tasks are handed to you, be it from your parents or life itself. Whereas at the same time certain things are expected from you. I am quite sure that I personally never was in favour of this. Probably that could’ve been one of the reasons I quarreled with my folks. I guess I just couldn’t live up to the expectations. For instance, when I was out with my friends I had to be home by a certain time. I thought of this as reasonable to an extent but sometimes I went over my curfew. Obviously this wasn’t acceptable from my parents as it was heading me towards indiscipline. I always thought that a couple of years back I was invincible and nothing but good things could come out of what I was doing, basically I was happy in satisfying myself. Therefore I guess I was looking for some space of my own which my parents weren’t willing to give me at that point of time which would be my early teenage years. But now I realize that all I was doing was just neglecting my tasks and duties. Life cannot be lived with one owns satisfaction and happiness, its also about sacrifice, sacrifice that my parents have made in order to help me live a good life, as they think of my future and happiness before their own and perhaps I have to carry out these values to a family of my own. But yea I was too young then and still am now but I can certainly say that I’m in a better sense of mind to understand these things now. For this reason now I understand why my parents decided to give me this space now as I could use it more rightly. I’ve been infatuated with material things and have gotten lost in the unreal world of dreams and fantasies. More importantly my teenage years brought about certain feelings and emotions in me that made me interact with the opposite sex. Definitely this is a normal feeling and there’s nothing wrong with it. Going on dates and having serious relationships with girls was another aspect of my growing up. This perhaps made me well versed with the word â€Å"love†but what I’ve experienced with most girls was just infatuation and a phase that eventually had to fade away. This all is a part of growing up, but when it begins to interfere with your personal life or becomes a part of your personal life then I guess things just seem to be all messed up. Your moods and attitudes can easily alter at any given moment. In my case I could see this coming and still couldn’t take control of it. A really funny situation I guess for many but for me it was just a result of getting too involved in something that never was. I devoted a large amount of my time on telephones and going out which in the end added up to nothing. While making hasty decisions I never really thought twice or overlooked at what I was doing after a while. The mess began to add up and soon I found myself lagging behind in stuff that really mattered for me as a person as I didn’t give much attention to it previously. I still do mostly all these things but within boundaries and don’t make it control my lifestyle as now I perhaps am in control of things and myself. Opening myself up as a person was never a problem but opening up to the wrong people was a mistake that I constantly committed and trusting the wrong people too was involved in this. In a way I remain happy at the fact that I’ve gone through experiences such as these at a young age, as it keeps me prepared for the future. Neglecting my duties as a growing child ,I constantly came across a lot of troubles ,this included studies ,social life etc. There came times when my parents were really unhappy with me and my future remained a question mark in their minds as it built a lot of tension within them. But what I’m grateful about is that they never lost faith in me and they constantly always explained to me about what was right and always heard my side of the story too. Perhaps because of their love and affection it was a quick process for me to realize my mistakes and undo my way of thinking. I’ve at times tried to make my brother as my idle and live the way he did, in a quite reserved but jovial way. There have been instances where I just wanted to be in my brother’s shoes as I felt that he handled himself quite well while he was growing up. According to me he did everything at the right time and that’s why he enjoyed quite a bit. But I can’t escape the fact that him n me are two different personalities and we just have to be our own people. I hear from a lot of people who are elder to me, that my age is the best as I don’t have to worry about a lot of stuff. It brings upon confusion to me as I think the responsibilities that are on me ar en’t too easy to fulfill though they’re necessary. But as a growing child, I explored a lot that perhaps people my age wouldn’t. Main reason for this being that I was quite curious and being the youngest in my family always accustomed me to what elders usually do and how they behave. It was serious conflict as one hand I was neglecting my given duties and on the other hand I intended on doing things that I wasn’t capable of. Eventually I realize that being older than I already am isn’t an easy task either and probably when I do come to that age I would wish to be where I am right now. Keeping that in mind, I’ve experienced times that I’ve wished and wanted to act older than I already am. But what I was leaving behind only I know. That of being a kid and enjoying the best of what it has to offer. Being a kid or a teenager, I always hated to lose and I still do, be it anything perhaps at studies or at sport, or losing friends. But while growing up you’ve to accept to lose at times and you’ve to be open to that fact. Understanding that I guess has helped me into not being stuck up and has helped me in growing further as a person. In my years of growing up I have come across many instances that I’ve witnessed people breaking up their relationships with each other just over meaningless arguments. Having fights is normal but it goes over limit when it starts effecting the way two people think about each other. There has to be space for understanding certain things as every person has his/her own opinions over matters. But many yet remain oblivious to this. That’s why perhaps it is easy to ruin things but hard to keep it together. I sometimes sit to think about most of those teenagers who have slit their wrists and committed suicide in depression, well in their case they never liked losing either and resorted into ending their life. I can probably relate to some teenager problems considering I’m in the same age group and perhaps have gone through the same at some stage, but my upbringing has excluded the thought of suicide from me. Everything has to come to an end at one point in time and that refers to our lives as well, so we should wait until then. That’s why we teenagers are always told that there’s a time for everything. In my times of growing up, I’ve had a lot of fun even through all the hardships that have come along my way. Going to gigs and parties with friends was no more of an exciting thing to me as before. Since I’ve cut down on that there’s more value to it now then there was before. One of the most important tasks that I’ve learnt in my journey of growing up is setting priorities. Something I wasn’t good at doing so sometime back. There are loads of distractions available to get you off your way but if you have your priorities set out I don’t think you could go off track. Part of becoming an adult brings a lot of confusion in our minds. There come times when people have asked me what I’ve wanted to be when I grow up, and I’m left with no answer. I realize I can’t be young all my life but it just seems with all the competition around I’m growing up much faster than I should be. But that’s how this modernized world works, and I could probably deny the fact but cant hide from it. Accepting this I’ve got an ambition, something that I hope to become and achieve. But I realize that this task isn’t easy for some people and this has helped me into understanding the problems that some teenagers go through. They cant deal with the pressure and therefore breakdown into depression. Understanding aspects like these and looking into my own life, it has been quite easy to give way to other people’s opinions and sometimes accept what someone else says on top of your own word. Being unselfish is a part of growing up too. These values instilled in me thankfully is to my advantage and would perhaps benefit me in my future. There sure have been times when I just have been fed up of happenings around me and wished that everything should just stop. At the end of things I still would have to get on with my life and deal with my problems as that’s part of growing up. I do wish that sometimes things should be quite different from what they are, but then if life had to be so predictable there wouldn’t be any fun left in life itself. Believing in something of this sort has made me want to enjoy life as it comes even through its good times and bad. Understanding that behind every face there’s a story, and that’s why some people act in the manner that they do, we have to be open to whatever this life has to offer us. Growing up isn’t an easy task but how would we ever know where our silver lining lies if we don’t want to grow up. These growing years are considered golden as they’re times once lived they can never come back. We have the ability at times like these to make the most of our lives and should definitely use it. We never stop learning and that’s why everyday we look at our life through a different light. Every year that I grow it brings me closer to my adult age and cuts off a year from my life. There surely is a time for everything and in life there are no short cuts to that. From now on I would like to take things as they come and enjoy myself under those means. Therefore I would like to live my life to the maximum level and in the right manner. I’m still growing and s o far the journey has been incredible.
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